Soon after taking his degree, he set out upon many years of wandering through almost every country in Europe, including England, Ireland, and Scotland. Youngsters were trained at the Bergschule as overseers and analysts for mining operations in gold, tin, and mercury, as well as in iron, alum, and copper-sulfate ores. Joachim Telle, "Paracelsus in pseudoparacelsischen Briefen". Paracelsus used this ideology as a way to motivate himself and others to never give up on difficult research. [19] He also received a profound humanistic and theological education from local clerics and the convent school of St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal. An alchemist based on him named Van Hohenheim is one of the main characters of the manga Fullmetal Alchemist. Since effective medicines for serious infectious diseases weren't invented before the 19th century, Paracelsus came up with many prescriptions and concoctions on his own. The reason is this: their sight and hearing are so strong that unconsciously they have fantasies about what they have seen or heard. He stayed at various places with friends and continued to travel for the next eight years. If we cannot cure a disease by faith, it is because our faith is too weak; but our faith is weak on account of our want of knowledge; if we were conscious of the power of God in ourselves, we could never fail.” Paracelsus was known for his wit and for leading a colourful life. As a result of this hermetical idea of harmony, the universe's macrocosm was represented in every person as a microcosm. Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania. From his study of the elements, Paracelsus adopted the idea of tripartite alternatives to explain the nature of medicine, composed of a combustible element (sulphur), a fluid and changeable element (mercury), and a solid, permanent element (salt). Paracelsus is said to have cured many persons in the plague-stricken town of Stertzing in the summer of 1534 by administering orally a pill made of bread containing a minute amount of the patient’s excreta he had removed on a needle point. Paracelsus is frequently credited with reintroducing opium to Western Europe during the German Renaissance. Müller-Jahncke, Wolf-Dieter, "Paracelsus" in: Matsys' portrait may have been drawn from life, but it has been lost. “The universities do not teach all things,” he wrote, “so a doctor must seek out old wives, gipsies, sorcerers, wandering tribes, old robbers, and such outlaws and take lessons from them. New Haven: Yale UP, 2008. Astrology was a very important part of Paracelsus's medicine and he was a practicing astrologer – as were many of the university-trained physicians working at that time in Europe. [51] Paracelsus was one of the first scientists to introduce chemistry to medicine. [29] During his return to Villach and working on his first medical writings, "he contemplated many fundamental issues such as the meaning of life and death, health, the causes of disease (internal imbalances or external forces), the place of humans in the world and in the universe, and the relationship between humans (including himself) and God". [25][27] Then Paracelsus returned home from his travels in 1524. In 1527, Paracelsus was a licensed physician in Basel with the privilege of lecturing at the University of Basel. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Rejection of traditional education and medicine, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paracelsus, Strange Science - Biography of Paracelsus, The Galileo Project - Biography of Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Paracelsus, Science Museum - Brought to Life - Biography of Paracelsus, Paracelsus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He believed that one must therefore know the influence of the stars on these particular body parts. In 1541 Paracelsus himself died in mysterious circumstances at the White Horse Inn, Salzburg, where he had taken up an appointment under the prince-archbishop, Duke Ernst of Bavaria. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In this portrait, Paracelsus is shown as holding his sword, gripping the spherical pommel with the right hand. Paracelsus is mentioned as an inspiration to Victor Frankenstein, the main character in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. [16], Paracelsus was born in Egg, a village close to the Etzel Pass in Einsiedeln, Schwyz. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In his own books, Paracelsus describes alchemy as the fundamental truth behind all things, whether material or spiritual. An example of this correspondence is the doctrine of signatures used to identify curative powers of plants. In a display of his contempt for conventional medicine, Paracelsus publicly burned editions of the works of Galen and Avicenna. Some even claim he was a habitual drinker. [53], His hermetical beliefs were that sickness and health in the body relied upon the harmony of humans (microcosm) and nature (macrocosm). In his lectures, he stressed the healing power of nature and denounced the use of methods of treating wounds, such as padding with moss or dried dung, that prevented natural draining. "In all things there is a poison, and there is nothing without a poison. Moving on to St. Gall, he then completed his Opus Paramirum in 1531, which he dedicated to Joachim Vadian. It is believed that he then received a doctoral degree from the University of Ferrara in 1516. Those experiences gave Paracelsus insight into metallurgy and chemistry, which likely laid the foundations of his later remarkable discoveries in the field of chemotherapy. His father Wilhelm (d. 1534) was a chemist and physician, an illegitimate descendant of the Swabian noble family Bombast von Hohenheim. At least three copies of the portrait are known to have been made in the first half of the 17th century: one by an anonymous Flemish artist, kept in the Louvre (shown here), one by. The following prescription by Paracelsus was dedicated to the village of Sterzing: Also sol das trank gemacht werden, dadurch die pestilenz im schweiss ausgetrieben wird: (So the potion should be made, whereby the pestilence is expelled in sweat:), Dise ding alle durch einander gemischet, in eine sauberes glas wol gemacht, auf acht tag in der sonne stehen lassen, nachfolgents dem kranken ein halben löffel eingeben... (Mix all these things together, put them into a clean glass, let them stand in the sun for eight days, then give the sick person half a spoonful...), One of his most overlooked achievements was the systematic study of minerals and the curative powers of alpine mineral springs. There Paracelsus attended the Bergschule, founded by the wealthy Fugger family of merchant bankers of Augsburg, where his father taught chemical theory and practice. At the age of 16 he started studying medicine at the University of Basel, later moving to Vienna. His new name reflected the fact that he regarded himself as even greater than Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a renowned 1st-century Roman medical writer. The fire was the work of sulphur, the smoke was mercury, and the residual ash was salt. During this time, he revised old manuscripts and wrote new treatises. He wrote: He who is born in imagination discovers the latent forces of Nature.… Besides the stars that are established, there is yet another—Imagination—that begets a new star and a new heaven. Paracelsus's recipe forms the basis for most later versions of liniment. It has been argued that the name was not the invention of Paracelsus himself, who would have been opposed to the humanistic fashion of Latinized names, but was given to him by his circle of friends in Colmar in 1528. He passed Kempten, Memmingen, Ulm, and Augsburg in 1536. These ideas were further developed by Galen into an extremely influential and highly persistent set of medical beliefs that were to last until the mid-1850s. Share with your friends. Paracelsus. 'Fasting is the greatest remedy, the physician within.' Paracelsus’ father, Wilhelm Bombast von Hohenheim, was a Swabian nobleman said to have been born out of wedlock in an impoverished family of knights. It is believed that he received a doctoral degree from the University of Ferrara in 1516, and he is presumed to have begun using the name “para-Celsus” (above or beyond Celsus) at about this time as well. He believed that body organs functioned alchemically, that is, they separated pure from impure. Famously Paracelsus said, "I leave it to Luther to defend what he says and I will be responsible for what I say. He wrote later that he wondered how “the high colleges managed to produce so many high asses,” a typical Paracelsian jibe. Paracelsus was the first to connect goitre with minerals, especially lead, in drinking water. The next element in his egg analogy is fire. Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), ten volmes, Basel, 1589–1591; Huser's edition of Paracelsus' surgical works was published posthumously in Strasbourg, 1605. Popular ideas of the time opposed these theories and suggested sewing or plastering wounds. Because of his arrogance and conceit, Paracelsus was not well liked by other physicians. But soon after he was called to Basel to the sickbed of printer Johann Frobenius, reportedly curing him. [37], In Beratzhausen, Paracelsus prepared Paragranum, his main work on medical philosophy, completed 1530. Print. The physician Paracelsus (Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim) was born in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, on November 10, 1493. [59] Historians of syphilitic disease credit Paracelsus with the recognition of the inherited[clarification needed] character of syphilis. Paracelsus is the main character of Jorge Luis Borges's short story La rosa de Paracelso (anthologized in Shakespeare's Memory, 1983). [42] He saw each disease as having three separate cures depending on how it was afflicted, either being caused by the poisoning of sulphur, mercury, or salt. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He was the son to a physician, and at the age of sixteen entered Basel University where he studied alchemy.He later worked in the mines at … Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), ten volumes, Basel, 1589–1591; Huser's edition of Paracelsus's surgical works was published posthumously in Strasbourg, 1605. Updates? He specifically accounts for being tutored by Johannes Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim. Paracelsus is said to have graduated from the University of Vienna with a baccalaureate in medicine in 1510. The historical house, dated to the 14th century, was destroyed in 1814. [13][14], He was a pioneer in several aspects of the "medical revolution" of the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom. [25][26] His wanderings led him from Italy,[25][27] France,[25][28] to Spain,[25] Portugal,[25] to England,[25][27] Germany,[25][28] Scandinavia [25] Poland,[25] Russia,[25][27][28] Hungary,[25][27][28] Croatia,[25] to Rhodes,[25] Constantinople,[25][27][28] and possibly even Egypt. Paracelsus appears in the Japanese release of Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His new name reflected the fact that he regarded himself as even greater than Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a renowned 1st-century Roman medical writer. [57], Paracelsus invented, or at least named a sort of liniment, opodeldoc, a mixture of soap in alcohol, to which camphor and sometimes a number of herbal essences, most notably wormwood, were added. Enjoy the best Paracelsus Quotes at BrainyQuote. The earth and water make up a globe which, in terms of the egg, is the yolk. [46], In his work Von den Krankeiten Paracelsus writes: "Thus, the cause of the disease chorea lasciva [Sydenham's chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance] is a mere opinion and idea, assumed by imagination, affecting those who believe in such a thing. He prepared and used new chemical remedies, including those containing mercury, sulfur, iron, and copper sulfate, thus uniting medicine with chemistry, as the first London Pharmacopoeia, in 1618, indicates. Historian Bruce Moran reveals the life of an itinerant doctor whose work influenced modern science. If a plant looked like a part of the body, then this signified its ability to cure this given anatomy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [18], Paracelsus's mother was probably a native of the Einsiedeln region and a bondswoman of Einsiedeln Abbey, who before her marriage worked as superintendent in the abbey's hospital. It is a treatise on hermeticism, astrology, divination, theology, and demonology, and it laid the basis of Paracelsus's later fame as a "prophet". This painting shows the famous alchemist and physician Paracelsus holding a retort in his hands and standing in front of a furnace on which is placed a … In the same year, he also visited the mines in Schwaz and Hall in Tyrol, working on his book on miners' diseases. Paracelsus's lectures at Basel university unusually were held in German, not Latin. [60], Paracelsus gave birth to clinical diagnosis and the administration of highly specific medicines. Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong to another who can belong to himself") and Omne donum perfectum a Deo, inperfectum a Diabolo ("All perfect gifts are from God, [all] imperfect [ones] from the Devil"); later portraits give a German rendition in two rhyming couplets (Eines andern Knecht soll Niemand sein / der für sich bleiben kann allein /all gute Gaben sint von Got / des Teufels aber sein Spot). [33] The adopted name of Philippus von Hohenheim, a Swiss thinker of the 16th century known for his pioneering scientific work and his research into the occult and alchemy. A still older painting by Quentin Matsys has been lost, but at least three 17th-century copies survive, one by an anonymous Flemish artist, kept in the Louvre, one by Peter Paul Rubens, kept in Brussels, and one by a student of Rubens, now kept in Uppsala. Paracelsus drew the importance of sulphur, salt, and mercury from medieval alchemy, where they all occupied a prominent place. Paracelsus overthrew convention by publicly burning the books of Ibn Sina and Galen. The sculpture shows an "Einsiedeln woman with two healthy children" (. Paracelsus, born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, was a Swiss German physician, chemist, botanist, alchemist, astrologer and general occultist who is famous for his iconoclastic rebellion against the conservative medical orthodoxy of his day, as well as for his bold, new ideas in medicine, psychology and the healing arts. Paracelsus also encouraged using experimental animals to study both beneficial and toxic chemical effects. [52] Later, Théodore de Mayerne repeated Paracelsus’s experiment in 1650 and found that the gas was flammable. Paracelsus, who was known as Theophrastus when he was a boy, was the only son of an impoverished German doctor and chemist. The young Paracelsus learned of metals that “grow” in the earth, watched the transformations of metallic constituents in smelting vats, and perhaps wondered about the transmutation of lead into gold—a conversion believed to be possible by the alchemists of the time. The so-called "Rosicrucian portrait", published with Philosophiae magnae Paracelsi (Heirs of Arnold Birckmann, Cologne, 1567), is closely based on the 1540 portrait by Hirschvogel (but mirrored, so that now Paracelsus's left hand rests on the sword pommel), adding a variety of additional elements: the pommel of the sword is inscribed by Azoth, and next to the figure of Paracelsus, the Bombast von Hohenheim arms are shown (with an additional border of eight crosses patty). [54] Paracelsus mobilized the microcosm-macrocosm theory to demonstrate the analogy between the aspirations to salvation and health. His motto Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong to another who can belong to himself") is inscribed on a 1538 portrait by Augustin Hirschvogel. He gained his medical doctorate from the University of Ferrara in 1515 or 1516. However neither Paracelsus nor de Mayerne proposed that hydrogen could be a new element. Paracelsus viewed the universe as one coherent organism that is pervaded by a uniting lifegiving spirit, and this in its entirety, humans included, was 'God'. Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Pagel, Walter. [59] Paracelsus believed that fasting helped enable the body to heal itself. To Paracelsus, the purpose of science is not only to learn more about the world around us but also to search for divine signs and potentially understand the nature of God. Paracelsus, in fact, contributed substantially to the rise of modern medicine, including psychiatric treatment. Quotations by Paracelsus, Swiss Scientist, Born November 11, 1493. His Astronomia magna (also known as Philosophia sagax) was completed in 1537, but published only in 1571. [73] the Fullmetal Alchemist character Von Hohenheim (full name Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim) is named after Paracelsus. In 1530 Paracelsus wrote a clinical description of syphilis, in which he maintained that the disease could be successfully treated by carefully measured doses of mercury compounds taken internally. He extolled the benefits of opium, and of a pill he called laudanum, which has frequently been asserted by others to have been an opium tincture. It has been suggested that Paracelsus's descent from the Bombast of Hohenheim family was his own invention, and that his father was in fact called Höhener and was a native of Gais in Appenzell,[17] Although he did accept the concept of the four elements as water, air, fire, and earth, he saw them merely as a foundation for other properties on which to build. About 1516 he began using the name “para-Celsus” (meaning above or beyond Celsus). Paracelsus seemingly remained a Catholic to his death; however, it is suspected that his books were placed on the Index Expurgatorius (a catalogue of books from which passages of text considered immoral or against the Catholic religion are removed). He finally managed to publish his Die grosse Wundartznei ("The Great Surgery Book"), printed in Ulm, Augsburg, and Frankfurt in this year.[38]. Everywhere he went, he sought out the most learned exponents of practical alchemy, not only to discover the most effective means of medical treatment but also—and even more important—to discover “the latent forces of Nature,” and how to use them. [26] "Since 1519/20 he had been working on his first medical writings, and he now completed Elf Traktat and Volumen medicinae Paramirum, which describe eleven common maladies and their treatment, and his early medical principles". Lastly, he recommended the use of iron for "poor blood" and is credited with the creation of the terms "chemistry," "gas," and "alcohol".[30]. He began his studies in the subject as a boy, and was already familiar with the prominent writers of his time before he entered the university. His prediction of a "great calamity just beginning" indicating the End Times was later associated with the Thirty Years' War, and the identification of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden as the "Lion from the North" is based in one of Paracelsus's "prognostications" referencing Jeremiah 5:6. When Paracelsus’ mo… He took a different approach from those before him, using this analogy not in the manner of soul-purification but in the manner that humans must have certain balances of minerals in their bodies, and that certain illnesses of the body had chemical remedies that could cure them. Paracelsian; Paracelsianism, Paracelsism; Translations Ex Libro de Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris, et Gigantibus etc. Instead of reacting to symptoms, or just managing the long-term decline of the patient, Biological Medicine works to solve the underlying causes of illness. In 1541, Paracelsus moved to Salzburg, probably on the invitation of Ernest of Bavaria, where he died on 24 September. [55] Because everything in the universe was interrelated, beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals, and various chemical combinations thereof. A doctor must be a traveller.…Knowledge is experience.” Paracelsus held that the crude language of the innkeeper, the barber, and the teamster had more real dignity and common sense than the dry Scholasticism of Aristotle, Galen of Pergamum, and Avicenna, some of the recognized medical authorities of his day. "[30] During his time as a military surgeon, Paracelsus was exposed to the crudity of medical knowledge at the time, when doctors believed that infection was a natural part of the healing process. The alchemist in the abdomen “But for the imperfectness we have to use for our defects, He (God) gave us an alchemist so that we do not have to intake the poison we eat with the good, but can separate it from the good.” Later he went to Russia, was held captive by the Tatars, escaped into Lithuania, and went south into Hungary. [44] If a person who doesn't believe in God became a physician, they would not have a better standing in God's eyes and will not succeed in their work because they don't practice in his name. Basel at the time was a center of Renaissance humanism, and Paracelsus here came into contact with Erasmus of Rotterdam, Wolfgang Lachner, and Johannes Oekolampad. He also published harsh criticism of the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to the point of his life being threatened. Paracelsus is renowned as the home of Biological Medicine, an approach that offers many advantages over conventional medicine, especially in the treatment of chronic and degenerative diseases. Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541), who called himself Paracelsus, is the man who pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine. [21] He held the belief that organs in the body operated on the basis of separating pure substances from impure ones. [77], German Wikisource has original text related to this article: Paracelsus. The medical revolution occurred from roughly 1400 to... See full answer below. Paracelsus often uses an egg to help describe the elements. This page was last edited on 13 February 2021, at 21:54. [dubious – discuss][41] The Rose of Paracelsus: On Secrets and Sacraments, borrowing from Jorge Luis Borges, is also a novel by William Leonard Pickard. [42], He often viewed fire as the Firmament that sat between air and water in the heavens. Being threatened with an unwinnable lawsuit, he left Basel for Alsace in February 1528. Mercury, lead, arsenic and antimony—poisons to most—were cures in his view. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PARACELSUS TO MEDICAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE J. M. Stillman The Monist, Vol. Paracelsus is known to be the "father of toxicology" because he pioneered the use of chemicals in medicine. The pure substances will be absorbed by the body while the impure will exit the body as excrement. In his first medical publication, a short pamphlet on syphilis treatment that was also the most comprehensive clinical description the period ever produced, he wrote a clinical description of syphilis in which he maintained that it could be treated by carefully measured doses of mercury. In May 1538, at the zenith of that second period of renown, Paracelsus returned to Villach again to see his father, only to find that his father had died four years earlier. It was believed that he had success with his own remedies curing the plague, according to those that revered him. "Paracelsus", meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine. Paracelsus vigorously attacked the treatment with guaiac wood as useless, a scam perpetrated by the Fugger of Augsburg as the main importers of the wood in two publications on the topic. [76], Mika Waltari's Mikael Karvajalka (1948) has a scene fictionalising Paracelsus's acquisition of his legendary sword. Paracelsus means “superior to Celsus,” Celsus being an early Roman physician. In Alsace, Paracelsus took up the life of an itinerant physician once again. ", Einsiedeln was under the jurisdiction of Schwyz from 1394 onward; see. Andrew Cunninghgam, "Paracelsus Fat and Thin: Thoughts on Reputations and Realities" in: Ole Peter Grell (ed.). Arthur Schnitzler wrote a verse play Paracelsus in 1899. He stated that the “miners’ disease” (silicosis) resulted from inhaling metal vapours and was not a punishment for sin administered by mountain spirits. Paracelsus first introduced the black hellebore to European pharmacology and prescribed the correct dosage to alleviate certain forms of arteriosclerosis. He was buried in St Sebastian's cemetery in Salzburg. He opposed for bloodletting, the most common treatment of that time, because he recognized: that it only weakened patients. Another portrait by Hirschvogel, dated 1540, claims to show Paracelsus "at the age of 47" (sue aetatis 47), i.e. Shown in the background are "early Rosicrucian symbols", including the head of a child protruding from the ground (indicating rebirth). Ten years earlier German theologian and religious reformer Martin Luther had circulated his Theses on Indulgences. [69], Carl Gustav Jung studied Paracelsus. Paracelsus was born on Dec. 17, 1493, in … He changed the way he thought of the elements as his life went on. Corrections? C.W.C.G.Jung vol.15 'The Spirit of Man, Art and Literature' pub.RKP 1966. A number of fictionalised depictions of Paracelsus have been published in modern literature. [21] Paracelsus was educated by his father in botany, medicine, mineralogy, mining, and natural philosophy. He clearly expounded the concept of dose response in his Third Defense, where he stated that "Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison." For example, if a physician had shrewd and immoral intentions then they would eventually fail in their career because evil could not lead to success. Paracelsus Paracelsus, pseudonym of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493-1541, physician, alchemist, and mystic. He passed Sterzing in 1534, moving on to Meran, Veltlin, and St. Moritz, which he praised for its healing springs. He disseminated his novel ideas through lectures and publications such as Der grossen Wundartzney (1536; Great Surgery Book). View this answer Paracelsus is best known for his pioneering work in the medical revolution of the Renaissance. [51] [15] Paracelsus also had a substantial impact as a prophet or diviner, his "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 1600s. His mother died when he was very young, and shortly thereafter his father moved to Villach in southern Austria. 390–402. Paracelsus upset the traditional attitudes of Schoolmen. He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum, and is regarded as the first systematic botanist. As humans must ward off the influence of evil spirits with morality, they must also ward off diseases with good health. He advocated for cleanliness and protection of wounds, as well as the regulation of diet. [36], The great medical problem of this period was syphilis-likely recently imported from the West Indies, and running rampant as a pandemic completely untreated. From St. Gall, he moved on to the land of Appenzell, where he was active as lay preacher and healer among the peasantry. His autographs have been lost, but many of his works which remained unpublished during his lifetime were edited by Johannes Huser of Basel during 1589–1591. That which you wish to Luther, you wish also to me: you wish us both in the fire. Pagel (1982) p. 6, citing The wounds must drain, he insisted, for “if you prevent infection, Nature will heal the wound all by herself.” He also attacked many other medical malpractices of his time, including the use of worthless pills, salves, infusions, balsams, electuaries, fumigants, and drenches. [68], The prophecies contained in Paracelsus's works on astrology and divination began to be separately edited as Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi in the early 17th century. Two essays on Paracelsus, one delivered in the house in which Paracelsus was born at Einsiedeln in June 1929, the other to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Paracelsus's death in 1941 at Zurich.[70]. In De Meteoris, Paracelsus says that the firmament is the heavens. Paracelsus was born near Zurich in 1493. [75] Also in 1943, Richard Billinger wrote a play Paracelsus for the Salzburg Festival. [61] Paracelsus's major work On the Miners' Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners documented the occupational hazards of metalworking including treatment and prevention strategies. [25][26][27], "After visiting his father at Villach and finding no local opportunity to practice, he settled in Salzburg", as a physician, in 1524[29][26][27] and remained there until 1527. He believed that science and religion were inseparable and everything that has been discovered and will be discovered is a direct message from God. His countless wanderings also brought him deep into many areas of the Alps, where such therapies were already practiced on a less common scale than today. [44] Paracelsus also believed that the virtues that make up natural objects are not natural, but supernatural and existed in God before the creation of the universe. He was subsequently appointed town physician and lecturer in medicine at the University of Basel in Switzerland, and students from all parts of Europe went to the city to hear his lectures. Later, Paracelsus wrote: Why do you call me a Medical Luther?…I leave it to Luther to defend what he says, and I will be responsible for what I say.
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